Dr. Muhammad Shahid & Rehan Khalid
| Pakistan’s population pyramid presents a clear picture of a youth-dominated and rapidly growing population, with profound implications for economic development, social services, and public policy. The pyramid exhibits a broad base and a sharply narrowing top, reflecting high fertility rates, a large proportion of children and adolescents, and relatively low life expectancy compared to developed countries. Youth Bulge and Demographic Momentum The most striking feature of the pyramid is its wide base, particularly in the age groups 0–4, 5–9, and 10–14 years, for both males and females. This indicates high birth rates and strong demographic momentum. Nearly half of Pakistan’s population falls below the age of 25, signaling a massive cohort entering the education system and, soon, the labor market. While this youth bulge presents an opportunity for a demographic dividend, it also poses significant risks if adequate investments in education, skills development, and employment generation are not made. Working-Age Population and Economic Pressure The pyramid shows a gradual tapering across the 15–59 working-age groups, suggesting a growing but heavily burdened labor force. As large youth cohorts age into employable years, the economy will face increasing pressure to absorb millions of new job seekers annually. Without sufficient job creation, this demographic structure can exacerbate unemployment, underemployment, and social stress—particularly among urban youth. Gender Patterns and Social Dimensions Male and female population shares appear largely balanced across most age groups, with slight variations in younger cohorts. This relative balance underscores the importance of gender-inclusive policies, particularly in education, health, and labor force participation. Improving female participation in the workforce could significantly enhance productivity and household welfare, helping to offset dependency pressures. Aging Population: A Smaller but Growing Concern The narrow upper segment of the pyramid (ages 60 and above) reflects a small elderly population, consistent with lower life expectancy and limited geriatric care. However, as healthcare improves and fertility gradually declines, Pakistan will eventually face population aging. Early planning for social protection, pensions, and elderly healthcare systems is therefore essential. |
| Policy Implications The population pyramid underscores the urgency of adopting integrated demographic and development policies. Key priorities include expanding access to quality education, investing in technical and vocational skills, promoting reproductive health and family planning, and creating productive employment opportunities. Failure to address these areas risks transforming Pakistan’s demographic advantage into a demographic liability. Conclusion Pakistan’s population pyramid tells a compelling story of opportunity and challenge. A young and expanding population can be a powerful engine for economic growth, but only if supported by forward-looking policies and sustained investments in human capital. Strategic planning today will determine whether Pakistan harnesses its demographic potential or faces intensified social and economic pressures in the decades ahead. |
